{"id":16809,"date":"2018-11-30T12:48:01","date_gmt":"2018-11-30T17:48:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/excess-free-fructose-high-fructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort\/"},"modified":"2019-01-30T11:34:35","modified_gmt":"2019-01-30T16:34:35","slug":"excess-free-fructose-high-fructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/excess-free-fructose-high-fructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort\/","title":{"rendered":"Excess free fructose, high-fructose corn syrup and adult asthma: the Framingham Offspring Cohort"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>November 30, 2018<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>British Journal of Nutrition<\/em> (2018), 119, 1157\u20131167;<\/strong> doi:10.1017\/S0007114518000417 \u2014 DeChristopher LR, Tucker KL. \u2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/british-journal-of-nutrition\/article\/excess-free-fructose-highfructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort\/9130FCDA921043DF0EFF377BD2C32E9E\">Download PDF<\/a> \u2014<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To test the hypothesis that consumption of HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice, but not orange juice or diet soda, increases asthma risk, independently of potential confounders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There is growing evidence that intakes of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice \u2013 a high-fructose 100% juice \u2013 are associated with asthma.<\/li>\n<li>It is possible that this is due to the high fructose: glucose ratios and underlying fructose malabsorption which may contribute to enteral formation of pro-inflammatory advanced glycation end products, which bind receptors that are mediators of asthma.<\/li>\n<li>Though there is a large amount of research in this area, epidemiological studies with longitudinal data are lacking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Methods:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Survival analysis was conducted with longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study-Offspring cohort (FHS-OS). Participants were adult, predominantly non-Hispanic White men and women, with a mean age of 47.9 years. Thirty-nine percent were overweight and 17% were obese at baseline.<\/li>\n<li>Participants were medically examined and responded to health questions approximately every 4 years, with the exception of an 8-year gap between examinations 1 and 2. Food and beverage intake frequency was obtained via the Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), beginning with the third examination.<\/li>\n<li>The current study focused on data examinations 3-7, between the years 1984-2001.\u00a0 There were between 2692 and 2696 participants with complete responses to analyses questions, depending upon the beverage.<\/li>\n<li>The Intake frequency of non-diet soda, fruit drinks, apple juice and any combination of these beverages as self-reported at each examination via the Willett FFQ was analyzed. Incident asthma, defined as self-reported asthma, including wheezing or asthma since the previous examination of short or long duration, or with respiratory infections, was also analyzed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Findings:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increased consumption of all sugar-containing beverages was associated with higher total energy intakes.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Greater intake of any combination of HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice was significantly associated with progressively higher asthma risk, rising from 59% higher for moderate (2\u20134 times\/week) consumers to a plateau of 89% higher among 5\u20137 times\/week as compared to never\/seldom consumers, independent of potential confounders including age, sex, BMI, smoking, education level and total energy intake.<\/li>\n<li>Regular (5\u20137 times\/week) consumers of HFCS-sweetened soda had a 48% higher asthma risk compared with never\/seldom consumers, independent of potential confounders.<\/li>\n<li>Moderate consumers (2\u20134 times\/week) of fruit drinks had 58% higher asthma risk and moderate consumers of apple juice had 61% higher asthma risk, compared with never\/seldom consumers, independent of sex, age, smoking history, education level, BMI and total energy intake.\u00a0 There was no association between diet soda or orange juice intake and asthma.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusions:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Moderate and frequent consumption of HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice, but not diet soda or orange juice, increased asthma risk, independent of age, sex, smoking, BMI, education level, total energy intake and T2D.<\/li>\n<li>Recommendations to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption may be inadequate to address asthma risk, as associations are evident even with moderate intake of apple juice \u2013 a 100% juice.<\/li>\n<li>Intervention studies and more research of consequences of fructose malabsorption are needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Points to Consider:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Outcomes were based on self-report, which is subject to reporting bias.<\/li>\n<li>A myriad of foods contribute to fructose and HFCS intake (cold cereals, breads, snack bars, desserts, sweets, ketchup, sauces, etc), which were not accounted for in this study.<\/li>\n<li>This study is not nationally representative. Participants were mainly non-Hispanic white Americans, which does not allow consideration of race\/ethnicity on this relationship.<\/li>\n<li>Income and occupational\/environmental air quality, possible confounders, were not accounted for in this study.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The post <a href=\"http:\/\/fructosefacts.org\/excess-free-fructose-high-fructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">Excess free fructose, high-fructose corn syrup and adult asthma: the Framingham Offspring Cohort<\/a> appeared first on <a href=\"http:\/\/fructosefacts.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">FructoseFacts<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>November 30, 2018 British Journal of Nutrition (2018), 119, 1157\u20131167; doi:10.1017\/S0007114518000417 \u2014 DeChristopher LR, Tucker KL. \u2014 Download PDF \u2014 Objective: To test the hypothesis that consumption of HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice, but not orange juice or diet soda, increases asthma risk, independently of potential confounders. Background: There is growing evidence that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":848,"comment_status":"close","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,6,169],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Excess free fructose, high-fructose corn syrup and adult asthma: the Framingham Offspring Cohort - Calorie Control Council<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/excess-free-fructose-high-fructose-corn-syrup-and-adult-asthma-the-framingham-offspring-cohort\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Excess free fructose, high-fructose corn syrup and adult asthma: the Framingham Offspring Cohort - Calorie Control Council\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"November 30, 2018 British Journal of Nutrition (2018), 119, 1157\u20131167; doi:10.1017\/S0007114518000417 \u2014 DeChristopher LR, Tucker KL. \u2014 Download PDF \u2014 Objective: To test the hypothesis that consumption of HFCS-sweetened soda, fruit drinks and apple juice, but not orange juice or diet soda, increases asthma risk, independently of potential confounders. 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