{"id":17275,"date":"2019-07-23T12:28:33","date_gmt":"2019-07-23T16:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/short-term-isocaloric-intake-of-a-fructose-but-not-glucose-rich-diet-affects-bacterial-endotoxin-concentrations-and-markers-of-metabolic-health-in-normal-weight-healthy-subjects\/"},"modified":"2019-07-23T12:39:27","modified_gmt":"2019-07-23T16:39:27","slug":"short-term-isocaloric-intake-of-a-fructose-but-not-glucose-rich-diet-affects-bacterial-endotoxin-concentrations-and-markers-of-metabolic-health-in-normal-weight-healthy-subjects","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/short-term-isocaloric-intake-of-a-fructose-but-not-glucose-rich-diet-affects-bacterial-endotoxin-concentrations-and-markers-of-metabolic-health-in-normal-weight-healthy-subjects\/","title":{"rendered":"Short-Term Isocaloric Intake of a Fructose- but not Glucose-Rich Diet Affects Bacterial Endotoxin Concentrations and Markers of Metabolic Health in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>Mol Nutr Food Res,<\/em> 2019; \/\/doi: 10.1002\/mnfr.201800868 <\/p>\n<p>Nier A, Brandt A, Rajcic D, et al.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/30570214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Download Research Study PDF (opens in a new tab)\">Download Research Study PDF<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To<br \/>\n     determine if an isocaloric exchange of complex carbohydrates with fructose<br \/>\n     or glucose affects surrogate markers of liver health and vascular endothelial<br \/>\n     function in healthy normal weight young male and female adults. If so, the<br \/>\n     goal is to whether these effects are related to changes in markers of<br \/>\n     intestinal permeability like bacterial endotoxin and lipopolysaccharide<br \/>\n     binding protein (LBP).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Background<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dietary pattern and impairments of intestinal<br \/>\n     barrier function are thought to be critical in the development of<br \/>\n     metabolic impairments.<\/li>\n<li>Results of animal studies employing<br \/>\n     pair-feeding models also suggest that consumption of fructose, particularly<br \/>\n     in combination with saturated fat, may be critical in the development of<br \/>\n     NAFLD, vascular dysfunction and hypertension.<\/li>\n<li>However, results of short-term intervention<br \/>\n     studies in healthy humans show contradictory results regarding the effects<br \/>\n     of fructose on liver, which may be due marked differences in study design<br \/>\n     and duration. Further, data on the effects on vascular endothelium in<br \/>\n     humans to our knowledge are lacking.&nbsp;\n     <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A total of 15 normal weight healthy subjects<br \/>\n     were enrolled in the study, and after three participants dropped out, only<br \/>\n     12 subjects were included in the final analysis.<\/li>\n<li>All participants received a standardized diet<br \/>\n     for 4 days, which was based their individual caloric needs and the<br \/>\n     recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition. This was followed by a<br \/>\n     diet in which complex carbohydrates were either exchanged with fructose or<br \/>\n     glucose (25% of total energy intake) for 3 days.<\/li>\n<li>All participants analyzed consumed both sugar-enriched<br \/>\n     diets after being dietary standardized for 4 days starting with the<br \/>\n     fructose intervention. Sugar interventions were separated by a washout<br \/>\n     period of at least 3 weeks during which all participants consumed their<br \/>\n     usual diet.<\/li>\n<li>Nutritional intake was assessed using two independent<br \/>\n     24-h recalls conducted by an experienced nutritionist before the study.&nbsp; Physical activity level was assessed<br \/>\n     using the World Health Organization&rsquo;s Global Physical Activity Questionnaire.&nbsp; Nutritional data and total energy<br \/>\n     expenditure were analyzed using the computer software EBISpro.<\/li>\n<li>Fasting blood samples, anthropometric data and<br \/>\n     blood pressure were assessed at the beginning of the study, after<br \/>\n     consuming the standard diets and after the intervention periods.<\/li>\n<li>Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasma<br \/>\n     endotoxin, liver transaminase and blood lipid concentrations were<br \/>\n     analyzed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Findings<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Following diet standardization, serum      triglycerides and insulin levels increased significantly, while alanine      aminotransferase (ALT) serum activity and bacterial endotoxin levels      decreased.<\/li>\n<li>Fasting insulin, glucose and triglyceride      levels were not affected by either intervention diet.&nbsp; Uric acid levels significantly decreased      following the high glucose diet.<\/li>\n<li>Plasma NOx levels, which are indicative of      vascular endothelial dysfunction, were significantly lower after subjects had      consumed the fructose-enriched diet for 3 days. This effect was not seen      after subjects consumed the glucose-enriched diet.<\/li>\n<li>ALT activity significantly increased after subjects consumed the fructose-enriched diet, as compared to the diet standardization phase. This effect was not seen after subjects consumed the glucose-enriched diet, and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was not altered by any of the dietary interventions.<\/li>\n<li>Leptin and adiponection plasma concentrations      were not affected by any of the diets, and non-significant increases in PAI-1      were noted following the consumption of the fructose-rich diet compared to      the standard diet.<\/li>\n<li>Plasma endotoxin concentrations increased significantly when subjects consumed the fructose-enriched diet for 3 days compared to the respective standard diet.&nbsp; This effect was not seen after subjects consumed the glucose-enriched diet.&nbsp; Plasma concentrations of LBP, d-lactate  and l-citrulline levels were not changed after the consumption of either diet. <\/li>\n<li> Expressions of TLR4, TLR2 and MYD88 mRNA in      PBMCs were  significantly increased after subjects had consumed the       fructose-enriched diet but not after subjects received the       glucose-enriched diets as compared to standard diet. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Conclusions<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>According to the authors, the results of this<br \/>\n     study may provide additional support of the&nbsp; hypothesis that dietary fructose may be<br \/>\n     critical in the development of NAFLD and vascular endothelial dysfunction<br \/>\n     in humans and that, similar to the findings in animal studies, impairments<br \/>\n     of intestinal barrier function and an increased translocation of bacterial<br \/>\n     endotoxin may be critical.<\/li>\n<li>Results of the present study suggest that at short-term<br \/>\n     glucose may not have these effects on parameters related to liver and<br \/>\n     vascular endothelial as well as intestinal barrier function.<\/li>\n<li>Results of the present study also suggest that<br \/>\n     changing dietary pattern only for a few days may markedly impact liver,<br \/>\n     vascular endothelial and intestinal barrier function. However, molecular<br \/>\n     mechanisms involved and especially those underlying the effects of<br \/>\n     fructose on intestinal barrier function need to be determined in future<br \/>\n     studies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Points to Consider<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The small study sample and the inclusion of only<br \/>\nyoung, healthy adults limits the generalization of this study&rsquo;s findings.<\/li>\n<li>Direct measurement of intestinal permeability<br \/>\nand liver health was not included in the present study, as each was assessed<br \/>\nvia surrogate markers. <\/li>\n<li>All study food and beverages were provided,<br \/>\nmostly prepared and consumed in the study center. This does not reflect<br \/>\nreal-world experience and results would likely differ in a more realistic<br \/>\nsetting. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The post <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/fructosefacts.org\/short-term-isocaloric-intake-of-a-fructose-but-not-glucose-rich-diet-affects-bacterial-endotoxin-concentrations-and-markers-of-metabolic-health-in-normal-weight-healthy-subjects\/\">Short-Term Isocaloric Intake of a Fructose- but not Glucose-Rich Diet Affects Bacterial Endotoxin Concentrations and Markers of Metabolic Health in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects<\/a> appeared first on <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/fructosefacts.org\/\">FructoseFacts<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mol Nutr Food Res, 2019; \/\/doi: 10.1002\/mnfr.201800868 Nier A, Brandt A, Rajcic D, et al. Download Research Study PDF Objective To determine if an isocaloric exchange of complex carbohydrates with fructose or glucose affects surrogate markers of liver health and vascular endothelial function in healthy normal weight young male and female adults. If so, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":848,"comment_status":"close","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,6,169],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Short-Term Isocaloric Intake of a Fructose- but not Glucose-Rich Diet Affects Bacterial Endotoxin Concentrations and Markers of Metabolic Health in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects - Calorie Control Council<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/caloriecontrol.org\/short-term-isocaloric-intake-of-a-fructose-but-not-glucose-rich-diet-affects-bacterial-endotoxin-concentrations-and-markers-of-metabolic-health-in-normal-weight-healthy-subjects\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Short-Term Isocaloric Intake of a Fructose- but not Glucose-Rich Diet Affects Bacterial Endotoxin Concentrations and Markers of Metabolic Health in Normal Weight Healthy Subjects - Calorie Control Council\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Mol Nutr Food Res, 2019; \/\/doi: 10.1002\/mnfr.201800868 Nier A, Brandt A, Rajcic D, et al. 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